The Law of Witnesses: Two or Three Witnesses in the Bible
The requirement of two or three witnesses runs through the entire Bible from Deuteronomy to the New Testament. This study examines the OT judicial principle, its application in church discipline in Matthew 18, Paul's use of it in 2 Corinthians, and the theological significance of the principle for truth, justice, and accountability.
The OT Foundation: Deuteronomy 17 and 19
Deuteronomy 17:6 states: At the mouth of two witnesses, or three witnesses, shall he that is worthy of death be put to death; but at the mouth of one witness he shall not be put to death. Deuteronomy 19:15 broadens it: One witness shall not rise up against a man for any iniquity, or for any sin, in any sin that he sinneth: at the mouth of two witnesses, or at the mouth of three witnesses, shall the matter be established. The principle protects against false accusation, malice, and error. Single-witness testimony - however sincere - is insufficient to condemn.
Jesus Applies It in Church Discipline
Matthew 18:16 applies the principle to conflict resolution: if thy brother will not hear thee, then take with thee one or two more, that in the mouth of two or three witnesses every word may be established. The steps are: private confrontation, then witnesses, then the church. The witnesses serve dual purpose: hey may help resolve the dispute, and they establish what was said and done. This protects both the accused (from false accusation) and the accuser (from being ignored). The principle of accountability requires community.
Key Verses
- Deuteronomy 19:15 — At the mouth of two witnesses, or at the mouth of three witnesses, shall the matter be established.
- Matthew 18:16 — In the mouth of two or three witnesses every word may be established.